China's population grew to 1.34 billion by 2010, according to census data, which showed an aging and more urban population that experts say is likely to spur calls for the "one-child" policy to be relaxed.
The census released on Thursday showed the population in China, the world's second biggest economy, grew by 5.84 percent from the 1.27 billion in the last census in 2000 and to a level that was smaller than the 1.4 billion some demographers had projected.
The results also showed China is fast urbanizing and becoming older. These trends augur big changes in the labor market in coming years, as the number of potential workers, especially from the countryside, shrinks and the elderly dependent population grows.
"What's significant is that China is for the first time crossing a historical landmark from a country that's dominated by people engaging in agriculture, living in the countryside, to an urbanized society," said Wang.
Feng, a demographer who is director of the Brookings Institute Tsinghua Center for Public Policy in Beijing.
"Such low fertility and population growth means that China will face a future smaller cohort of young labor for labor supply, and also a much more serious aging process than people anticipated even 10 years ago or two decades ago."
Those rapid changes have not always been smooth, Ma Jiantang, the head of the National Bureau of Statistics, told a news conference.
"The data from this census show that our country faces some tensions and challenges regarding population, the economy and social development. First, the aging trend is accelerating, and second the size of the mobile population is constantly expanding."
The results could encourage the government to relax family planning restrictions that limit nearly all urban couples to one child, while rural families are usually allowed two, said Du Peng, a professor at the Population and Development Studies Center at Renmin University in Beijing.
"The total population shows the general trend toward slowed population growth and as well an older population, and in the next five years or longer that will be an important basis for population policy," said Du.
"The aging of the population appears faster than was expected," he said.
The proportion of mainland Chinese people aged 14 or younger was 16.60 percent, down by 6.29 percentage points from the number in the 2000 census. The number aged 60 or older grew to 13.26 percent, up 2.93 percentage points.
The figures also showed that China's population is growing more slowly than in the past. Between 1990 and 2000, the total population increased by 11.7 percent.
VINDICATION OF POLICIES
China's chief statistician, Ma, acclaimed the numbers as a vindication of the government's firm, sometimes harsh, family planning policies.
"These figures have shown the trend of excessively rapid growth of China's population has been under effective control," Ma said.
But one economist said China's slowed rate of population growth and shrinking pool of migrant labor from the countryside could add to long-term pressures driving up wages and prices.
"What really matters is the one-child policy that has created a cliff-fall (in the population) in the last three decades," said Dong Tao, an economist at Credit Suisse in Hong Kong.
"That is starting to show in rural labor markets and the entire economy feels the pain as this becomes a major source of inflation," he said in a telephone interview.
By 2010, half of China's population, 49.7 percent, lived in urban areas. In 2000, 36.1 percent lived in cities and towns, although that census used a different counting method.
The shift of the population to urban areas has put great pressure on cities like Beijing and Chongqing and will likely to spur continued high levels of infrastructure spending in coming years.
By 2010, 261.4 million Chinese were counted as "migrants," meaning they were residing outside of their home villages, towns or cities. Most of them are farmers from the poor inland who have moved to cities and coastal industrial zones to find work.
The Chinese government's strict controls on family size have brought down annual population growth to below 1 percent and the rate is projected to start falling in coming decades.
China's choke on family size now threatens its economic future, many demographers have said, with fewer people left to pay and care for a greying population.
Ma, the chief statistician, did not announce any policy changes, but he hinted that the census results could lead to some adjustments. China, he said, would have to "actively respond to the new challenges in demographic development."
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